Major Components / System of an Automobile (Introduction to Automobile Engineering)..!

Major Components / System of an Automobile:-

1.  Steering system:- Its purpose is to enable the driver to accurately direct the vehicle under any operating condition. Ideally, the system should be lightweight, easy to operate, and free of shocks and vibrations. Furthermore, the steering system converts the rotational motion of the driver's steering wheel into angular turning front wheels, as well as maximizing the driver's effort through leverage.
2. Braking system:- An automobile's braking system is of vital importance to its operation and control. The motion of a motor vehicle must be transformed into another form of energy to bring it to a halt or slow it down in the shortest amount of time. To convert kinetic or momentum energy into heat, brakes use friction.
3. Internal combustion engines:- Internal combustion engines work by burning fuel within the engine instead of using steam that is externally raised in a boiler. Internal combustion engines burn fuel inside the engine, as opposed to steam engines, which use steam that has been heated externally in a boiler.
4. Clutch:- The device is a frictional uncoupling device. It consists of a steel disc covered with friction material. It is clamped between two surfaces that are directly driven by the engine. To disengage the clutch, the clutch pedal is pressed to positively separate the two surfaces. A clutch's main function is to take up the drive smoothly from the engine and to release or disengage the clutch whenever necessary. As you change gears or bring the vehicle to a halt, the clutch needs to be disengaged.
5. Gearbox: - A variety of gears are constantly in mesh with each other. The gears are changed by sliding the dogs. According to operating conditions, the gearbox's primary function is to vary the torque applied to the road wheel by the engine. According to operating conditions, the gearbox's primary function is to vary the torque applied to the road wheel by the engine.
6. Propeller shaft:- The gearbox's function is to transfer power from the rear end to the reduction gear in the axle. The rear axle's vertical movement relative to the frame is also accommodated. The rear axle's vertical movement relative to the frame is also accommodated. The small and limited angular displacement in the rubber joints dampens out torsional vibrations.
7.  Universal joint:- Because of the flexibility of road springs, the rear axle is constantly moving up and down. A propeller shaft mounted on the rear axle must also be able to move up and down. As a result, this movement occurs, and universal joints are installed at each end of the propeller shaft. Therefore, the universal joint maintains the relative movement between the engine and the driving wheel.
8. Differential:- From the propeller shaft, power is transmitted to the axles of the rear wheels through the differential gear. When two rear wheels are turning at different speeds, the curve can be rounded smoothly. While turning, the outer wheels must run longer than the inner wheels. In addition, differential gears ensure that the final output torque is equally distributed between two wheels regardless of their relative speeds.
9. Springs:- To prevent the frame from rising as well as the wheel from moving up or down, springs are installed between frame and wheel. Steel springs are used as energy storage devices that store energy by bending or twisting them. This energy is released when the spring returns to its normal state.
10. Front axle:- The steering wheel is mounted on a stub axle which is attached to the kingpin's axle extremities. By connecting the steering arms and the track rod in two places, two stub axles can be swiveled about kingpins. A shaft links the steering wheel to one of the stub axles. A gearbox and suitable linkage are operated by the driver's handwheel. In previous axle designs, a one-piece beam was used to support the vehicle with springs (axle and spring arrangement). Nowadays, we use an arrangement called independent front suspension instead of axle and spring. Springs allow wheels to rise and fall independently in the vertical direction.
11. Rear-axle:- For wheels to rotate, an axle, such as a shaft, encloses matching shafts and bearings. It is used to fix the rear wheels. During its expansion at the center, the final gears that reduce the speed of the engine between the wheels are enclosed. A rear axle is also responsible for changing the direction of the propeller shaft to the transverse line of the axle shafts.
12. Battery:- Batteries are the heart of an automobile's electrical system. Current is supplied to the cranking motor and ignition system. An electric battery functions as a storage system for electrical energy that can be used whenever necessary. Since the battery operates all electrical devices and other units except the charger, it can be considered the brain of the system. As well as providing power to the various electrical devices even when the engine is not running, the generator supplies power when the engine is slow or not operating.
13. Frame:- The frame of a vehicle supports the engine and body. Additionally, it carries steering, power train, etc. through springs, axles, rubber pads, etc. Frames are constructed from box, tubular, channel, or U-shaped sections, welded or riveted together. Cross-bracing or cross members are used to make them rigid to withstand shocks, blow twists, and vibration mats. An assembly has a chassis if it is fitted with the engine, wheels, power train, brackets, and steering system. To provide space for rear springs, the frame bends upward in a shape at the rear. When steered, the front wheels can turn freely since it's tapered.
14. Suspension System:- In vehicles, suspension systems are used. It is necessary to insulate the wheels and axles from the frame in order to avoid transmission of road effects to passengers while traveling on uneven roads in order to provide a comfortable ride for passengers and to avoid additional stresses on the chassis.